This article will cover various basic aspects of tooling design, including the different types of tools, their KPIs (key performance measures), their properties, and factors to consider when designing a tool.
1. Manufacture a product within the acceptable limits at the lowest possible cost. (Keep in mind that the overall cost of production is highly influenced by the cost of tooling.)
2. Increase production by designing tools that have faster production rates.
3. Maintain the quality of the end-product by designing tools which consistently produce good parts.; }8 `4 ]: `1 ]6 f! L e- |
4. Design tools that are easy and safe to use and operate.
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Machining processes require cutting tools that undergo huge forces and experience significant temperature gradients. In general, there are four aspects of cutting tools that must be considered:
Tool Life: This is the life of the tool, beyond which it loses its operational characteristics. There are two broad categories of tool failures:
Tool Materials: There are some tool material properties that must be considered:
Tool Geometry: Each tool is described by its geometry and angles. Every tool shape has a specific purpose in metal-cutting intended to achieve the most efficient separation of chips from the work-piece. This is what makes tool geometry important.
Cutting Fluids: The use of cutting fluids is extremely important in cutting operations. The following are the few important aspects of cutting fluids:
Chemical formulation | Application methods | ||
| Cutting oils | Cooling effect increases downwards | Flooding | Lubrication effect decreases downwards |
| Emulsified oil | Mist | ||
| Chemical fluids | Manual | ||
Sheet Metal Dies: The word “die” is used to describe the tooling used to produce stamped or formed parts. A die set consists of a male and a female component which work in opposition to each other. The upper half of the assembly, which may either be the male or female, is mounted on the press ram which then delivers the stroke action.A die is a specialized tool used in manufacturing to cut and/or shape material using press-working machines. Dies have many forms and they can be classified as follows:
9 b6 K% u2 j" _' g+ {, Z' J| Sheet Metal Processes | |
Blanking | Blanking is a shearing process in which a flat piece of material is produced by cutting a desired shape in one single operation. |
Perforating | Perforating is a piercing operation in which a large number of holes are punched together. |
Notching | Notching is also a piercing operation that removes the edges of a work-piece. |
Shaving | Shaving is a shearing process in which a small amount of an already blanked part is removed. |
Trimming | Trimming is used as final operation in which excess and unwanted irregular material is sheared off from drawn sheets. |
Cut-off | Cut-off process is used to separate a stamping from a stock/strip. |
Forging Dies: Forging is a manufacturing process that shapes metal using localized compressive forces. Forging can be classified according to the temperature of the process:
i. Cold forging
ii. Warm forging1 r% S1 _& y" k9 l7 _% ^1 k& k
iii. Hot forging
For warm and hot forging the work-piece is heated prior to the press-working operation.
Extrusion Dies: Extrusion is a process that is used to create a cross-sectional profile using a die tool. The material to be extruded is pushed through the die tool. Such a process has two major advantages. First, very complex geometries can be achieved. Second, brittle materials can be formed only compressive and shear forces are applied (brittle materials are sensitive to tensile forces). Just like forging, extrusion can also classified according to the temperature at which the process is performed. The classification is as follows:
i. Cold Extrusion* N% j1 v( L$ t8 m5 Y
ii. Warm Extrusion3 u5 M# _! I' s4 [. h
iii. Hot Extrusion
Injection molding is a manufacturing process in which parts are produced by injecting molten material into a mold. Injection molding can be performed using a variety of materials including metals (the process for metals is called die-casting), glass, thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers.
Work-holding tools include any device that is used to hold the work-piece in place for the cutting tool. This can include clamps, vices, chucks, fixtures, etc. The decision as to how to hold a work-piece may depend on the following:
The physical properties of a material control how the material reacts under certain conditions. Physical properties are natural to a material and cannot be permanently be altered without changing the composition of the material itself. These physical properties include:
Cutting tool design requires an understanding of the machining process, the materials involved, and the operation parameters. The following should be considered:
Fixtures range from standard clamps to vices and chucks to metal plates with key-slots and tap-holes for fasteners. They can also be part-specific dedicated fixtures requiring extensive design and build requirements. To correctly machine a part, it must be held in a setup that guarantees a definite location with respect to the part’s datum points and surfaces. This must be repeatable for many parts.
The fixture must also hold the part securely while vibrations, cutting forces, centrifugal forces and gravity act to dislodge the part. In theory, the location and clamping of work-pieces are considered separate issues, but locating and clamping are integral; once located, the holding action must ensure the work-piece is stable for machining. Conversely, the clamping force should not be so excessive such that it distorts, gouges, or breaks the work-piece.
Computer-aided design (CAD) is of immense importance when it comes to tool design and manufacturing.
CAD is the use of computer systems to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design” [Narayan, K. Lalit]
The use of CAD platforms has increased designers’ productivity, improved design quality and eased communication among various disciplines. CAD output is often in the form of electronic print and machining data (program/operation code). Tool designers utilize CAD in the same way as product designers, creating 3D models, 2D prints, and machine code to produce all types of tooling.
andyany 发表于 2016-10-9 14:38
LZ在这个网站注册了吗？我注册时验证区没内容，提交后说没验证。" W! p1 l) C: x
怎么弄？谢谢！
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